In this paper, a multi-level benchmarking method is presented for assessing Efficiency of Electrical distribution companies’ expenditures. Proposed method considers mutual cooperation of capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) for improving quality and decreasing energy losses. Firstly, weighted fuzzy c-means clustering (WFCM) is used by proposed method to find similar companies. Then, proposed method utilizes data envelopment analysis (DEA) and slack analysis in multi levels and through creating pseudo competition between companies, estimates companies’ Efficiency scores and slacks in their expenditures. Finally, proposed IBRS is applied on Iranian distribution companies and its results are discussed.

Optimum use of water and energy due to the rapid growth in water and energy demand and limitations of these resources is essential. The proper use of these resources without the knowledge of the use and Efficiency of these inputs is not possible. This study aimed to evaluate the water and energy consumption, Losses and Efficiency of energy for Electric pumping stations was conducted in Hamadan city farms during the 2009 to 2011. Pumping Nebraska index was applied to compare the performance of irrigation pumping stations. Also the input power, output power and total energy Efficiency were calculated in pumping stations. The results showed that the total Efficiency changed from 16.7 to 65.8 percent. The average of total Efficiency and wasted energy of an electric pump was calculated about 49.8 percent and 8.7 KW per hour respectively. Average water use Efficiency in Potato fields in the furrow and sprinkler systems was 3.1 and 6.2 kg/m3 respectively. Factors such as proper selection of pumps and engine according to the capacity and system pressure, the Proper repair and maintenance of pumps and motors can increase energy Efficiency.

Background & Objectives: Turbidity and colloidal factors are good shelters for growth and transmission of biological parameters as well as the factors affecting water usage from aesthetic point of view. Coagulating agents such as metal hydroxides are produced by the process of electrolysis. The coagulating agent combines with the pollutants to form large size flocs. This study aimed to investigate the Efficiency of electrocoagulation-electrofloatation in removal of turbidity from aquatic environments.Methods: In a laboratory-scale fundamental-applicable study a plexiglass electrocoagulation reactor (24×17×18 cm) was made.4 iron/aluminum plates (electrode) with a dimension of 15 ×16 cm and thickness of 1mm were placed in parallel and 1.5 cm apart in the tank. A DC power supply with adjustable voltage (0-60 v) and amperage (0-6 amps) was used.Results:: The results showed that the highest turbidity removal from solution was obtained by aluminum electrode (97.60%) at pH of 7, potential difference of 50 volts, and contact time of 30 minutes. The maximum rate of turbidity removal from aqueous solution by using iron electrodes (89.92%) was achieved at pH=7, potential difference of 50 volts, and contact time of 30 minutes.Conclusion: based on experiments’ results, using electrocoagulation-electrofloatation has an appropriate Efficiency in turbidity removal. It can also be concluded that the Efficiency of Al electrode to remove turbidity from solution is higher than that of Fe electrode.

Ohmic heating is defined as a process which alternating electric current is passed through food with the primary purpose of heating it due to the Electrical resistance and can be specially applied as an alternative heating method. In this research, Aloe vera gel concentrates having 0. 5-2% soluble solids were ohmically heated up to 60° C by using four different voltage gradients (30– 60 V/cm). The dependence of Electrical conductivity on temperature, voltage gradient, and concentration were obtained. Results indicated that there was a linear relationship between temperature and Electrical conductivity. The range of the Electrical conductivity was 0. 45 to1. 20 S/m, which was dependent on the concentration and voltage gradient, although the effect of concentration was very higher than voltage gradient. The ohmic heating System Performance Coefficients (SPCs) were calculated by using the energies given to the system and taken by the Aloe vera gel samples and were in the range of 0. 67-0. 89 and the highest SPC (0. 89) was observed at 0. 5 % and 30 V/cm.

This paper presents a study of the relationship between Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) parameters on the EDM Efficiency factors using a full factorial design, based on pulse on-time, duty cycle and tool polarity parameters in EDM machining of AISI H13 tool steel. The results show that, in positive polarity, the plasma flushing Efficiency and pulse Efficiency increase according to the pulse-on time, but plasma flushing Efficiency decreases over 15 (ms) pulse duration only under negative polarity of electrode. Based on the experimental results, the plasma flushing Efficiency and pulse Efficiency increases when the duty cycle increases in positive tool polarity.

Evaluation of long-term home Electrical appliance Efficiency improvement scenarios on load and energy pattern needs comprehensive and precise modeling taking to account a variety of uncertainties. In the modeling process, all effective parameters should be considered. Estimation is the main source of information in this process which is a long-term large scale impact assessment procedure. Furthermore, the non homogeneous structure of load behavior in response to DSM policies makes the problem more sophisticated. The presented method implies fuzzy numbers to model the main uncertainties of the demand side reactions to the proposed DSM program. Here, the social classes of customers and their behaviors regarding energy utilization as well as time dependency of the problem parameters are taken into account. The paper focuses on the Efficiency improvement of the electric appliances in Iran as a long-term DSM program, due to their considerable share in electricity consumption in residential sector. Finally, the numerical results are presented.

The solar radiation energy is one of the clean, essential and renewable resources for future. Iran, having 300 annual sunny days, has such intrinsic potential and thermosyphon solar-Electrical water heaters (TSEWH) are the simplest solar-thermal convertors. Despite their unique merits, they can not supply hot water for domestic applications during cold period, so, an auxiliary backup system such as Electrical resistance heater (Electrical element) is required. The reduction of consumed Electrical energy by Electrical element not only leads to decrease of Electrical network load, but also enhances the solar water heater Efficiency and speeds up their application in the buildings sector. Careful scheduling the Electrical element circuit via a timer key (timing mode operating) leads to reduction of auxiliary portion compared to the case that its circuit to be activated permanently (continues mode). Field results imply that, implementation the timer key to TSEWH has been considerable during cold period and reduced the consumed Electrical energy as much as700kWh yearly and promoted its annual Efficiency from 46% up to 67%.

In this paper, a study on Efficiency increment (operation Efficiency) of Kahnooj titanium pilot plant Electrical roll separator with optimization of variable and effective parameters (crona voltage intensity, feed temperature and size distribution, rolls speed, crona electrodes position and splitter position) on operation Efficiency is investigated and obtained results are presented. To achieve this aim, parameters were classified and then tests designed with Taguchi method. Feed size distribution tests in laboratory scale and the other tests in pilot plant scale were performed. Optimized values of crona intensity voltage, feed temperature, rolls speed was found to be 22 kv, 109, 154 rpm. However, the optimum position of crona electrodes, the first, second and third splitters were obtained to be 6, 8, 10 and 10 cm. In the position of optimum values, operation Efficiency was increased from 35.9% to 46.1%. Moreover, operation Efficiency in laboratory scale with d80 of 259 microns feed was maximized and operation Efficiency of 46.0% obtained.

Electrocution is an important Issue in forensic and occupational medicine. In Addition to clectrical injuries, determining the manner of death and reasons of accident are very important. So during a 18 months period, all of such cases that referred to LMO for determining cause of death were studied. The results showed that the most common age range is 10-30 years old and the most common cause of Accident is occupational one.Ventricular fibrillation was the most prevalent cause of death the most dangerous situation was passing Electrical current from right hand to legs.

Various antireflection thin films are often used to cover glass to increase solar cell Electrical parameters. In the recent years many efforts have been done to develop and improve of solar cell films with high Electrical output. One of the most important challenges of obtaining of high-Efficiency thin films of solar cells is creation an effective light trapping system. The new polymeric protecting materials are called polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) that can improve the solar cells properties. In the present work, firstly Tetraglycidyloxypropyl tetramethyl POSS was synthesized via sol-gel method and used to prepare TGTM POSS-silica nanocomposite, then it was applied on solar cell slides. The structural, morphological, thermal, optical and Electrical properties were investigated by TEM, FTIR, NMR, FE-SEM, TGA, UV-VIS spectroscopy and solar simulator. Evaluation of the obtained results showed that the Efficiency of solar cells was improved twice or more (50%) compared with that without POSS coating. The coatings transmittances were equal 100% that are ideal for solar cell films. The solar cells stability to solar light with POSS coating was also evaluated. The obtained results showed that the degradation of solar cell transmission.